A research encyclopedia entry traces how Japanese 男の娘 (otokonoko) moved through publishing, cosplay, physical venues, creator self-description, and platform tags from a media-character category into several forms of real-person labeling.
A historical essay separates the origin question into three clocks—terms, media characters, and embodied practice—to trace how Japanese otokonoko publishing, cosplay, and Chinese platform language converged.
A research encyclopedia entry tracing six converging sources of contemporary Chinese nanniang culture: Japanese character publishing, cross-dressing and cosplay practice, Chinese ACG translation, mass-media circulation, platform interaction, and English-language femboy recirculation.